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The most common signs of a retrobulbar abscess are bulging of the eye, protrusion of the third eyelid across the eye and inability to close the eyelids completely. This is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible. Harcourt-Brown FM, Baker SJ. 2nd ed. This image shows the left upper arcade of cheek teeth in the mouth of a rabbit with a retrobulbar abscess affecting the left eye. Home page Questions and answers Statistics Donations Contact. 24 Survival . Lake Worth, Fla: Zoological Education Network Inc, 2005;109110. In humans, skin abscesses are often caused by Staphylococcus infections, but in rabbits, they can be caused by . Clinical signs may include decreased appetite, chewing or swallowing difficulties, ptyalism, palpable facial or mandibular swellings secondary to periapical pathologic changes or soft tissue infection and abscess formation, exophthalmia, ocular or nasal discharge, abnormal rabbit anisognathous occlusion, and unkempt body fur.17 Diagnostic imaging techniques including radiography, computed tomography, and ultrasonography are useful for localizing dental and associated soft tissue lesions before undertaking surgical correction.11,24, Although a cursory examination with an otoscope or illuminated nasal speculum can be conducted in anesthetized rabbits, endoscopic examination is superior for providing a focused light source and magnification.4,20,25 Radiography has limitations in assessment of dental disease20; however, it is indicated as a primary diagnostic tool.17,20 Although its use has not been well documented in the investigation of dental disease in rabbits, computed tomography may also be useful in selected instances of refractory dental disease.24, Endoscopy has been advocated for evaluation of the oral cavity in lagomorphs and rodents.4,26,27 To the authors' knowledge, the use of rigid endoscopy in the assessment and treatment of a retrobulbar abscess has only been previously reported in association with an extraoral approach.28. Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of dental disease in pet rabbits, Pharmocokinetics of penicillin-G in serum and nasal washing of, Selected drug dosages and clinical reference data, Malocclusions in guinea pigs, chinchillas and rabbits, . The most common signs of a retrobulbar abscess are bulging of the eye, protrusion of the third eyelid across the eye and inability to close the eyelids completely. (See. A bacterial abscess of the tooth roots can come about rather quickly (hours-days), but other things can cause eyes to protrude (called exopthalmos), such as tumors, which grow on the order of weeks-months. The cornea will be checked for ulceration and the pressure within the eye will also be measured. At the time of initial examination at the teaching hospital, the rabbit weighed 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) and was in poor body condition (body condition score, 1.5/5). 2005 Jan 15;130(2):50-3. Administration of ciprofloxacin and penicillin G was discontinued at that time. Background: Ophthalmic disease is a common reason for rabbits to be presented to the general veterinary practitioner. The wall of the abscess should be cultured for bacteria and an appropriate antibiotic can be selected. Retrobulbar abscessation is the most common orbital disease of rabbits, and the lesions are notoriously difficult to treat successfully. Endod Top 2004;7:3551. The food passes from the mouth to the socket of the root developing infection that eventually becomes an abscess. Euthanasia - The process and what actually happens. Available at: www.vin.com/VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00408.htm. The ear normally due to an infection or sometimes it is secondary to dental disease. Clinical FindingsThe rabbit weighed 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) and had a body condition score of 1.5/5 . An official website of the United States government. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Stomatoscopy is a valuable technique that can facilitate diagnosis, treatment, and serial reevaluation of rabbits with dental disease. padding: 0; Approach the ophthalmic examination of the rabbit, bird and reptile . The mild anemia noticed on the first hematologic evaluation in the rabbit of this report may have been caused by systemic inflammation. All rights reserved. Retrobulbar and facial abscesses of periapical origin in rabbits often carry a poor prognosis [1,2]. In addition, some lumps are not abscesses at all but rather tumors or cysts and may need immediate removal. display: flex; In these cases the abscess can be opened, cleaned out thoroughly and flushed with an antiseptic solution. Kirschner SE. J Small Anim Pract. dCloseup view of the cavity remaining after extraction of the molar and debridement and flushing; notice the root of the adjacent left maxillary first molar (arrow). Physical and ophthalmic examinations 6 months after the surgery yielded no remarkable findings, and the rabbit weighed 1.4 kg (3.1 lb) and had a body condition score of 3/5. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. An abscess is a localized swelling in the tissues caused by an accumulation of pus, which is composed mostly of dead white blood cells and the bacteria those noble cells have killed. The sooner an abscess can be treated, the greater are the chances of a cure. This can prove long and expensive, and treatment may need to be aimed at palliative care, to keep the rabbit comfortable for as long as possible. Abscesses that are located around the face are often due to dental disease, which can also manifest as ocular problems, since the upper tooth roots can overgrow and impinge upon the eye socket and the nasolacrimal tear duct. Given the absence of obvious signs of retrobulbar infection and the tendency for food and debris to accumulate in the cavity, an antimicrobial-impregnated bioactive dental ceramicp was used to fill the defect. Most facial abscesses are the result of dental disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc. Continuously growing dentition predisposes rabbits to development and persistence of dental problems.13-15 Dental disease in pet rabbits can be staged.3,16,17 The precise etiology of dental disease in pet rabbits is still unknown and is likely to be multifactorial and include genetic, dietary, metabolic, traumatic, and infectious components.17,18 Dental disease can be caused by primary (inherited) or secondary (acquired) malocclusion. Unfortunately, it was too little too late. Anatomy 6. The abscess cavity may also need debriding and being packed with antibiotic impregnated beads. 2007 Mar 15;230(6):868-72. doi: 10.2460/javma.230.6.868. Rabbit abscesses form a thick capsule around the infection that effectively walls it off from the rest of the body. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! This procedure is usually performed under anesthesia, unless the abscess is very small. Rabbit abscess picture. The more conservative approach performed in this instance required repeated flushing and debridement, making the use of beads unsuitable. Therefore, ciprofloxacin (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) was added to the treatment regimen at the time of the first recheck (2 weeks after surgery), and treatment was continued for 21 days. It should be stressed, however, that no matter what treatment is chosen, it is vital to provide your pet with a healthy diet, daily exercise and a clean environment to enable the immune system to function at full capacity. Treatment for a retrobulbar meningioma includes exenteration to remove the affected globe and orbital contents, followed by radiation therapy. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 2007; 230(6):868-72 . Over the weekend, she got much worse, so I called again and we decided to do surgery. Corneal diseases of rabbits. These findings were consistent with severe dental disease3 (Figure 1). That looks uncomfortable. Bacterial infection or abscessation - foreign bodies in young animals and dental disease in older animals; Fungal infection behind the eye - not common 5197-100 SITElite handle and clarus SITEcoupler model 30100 (pediatric) eyepiece, Clarus Medical LLC, Minneapolis, Minn. T/pump system of TP22 pad and TP500 pump, Gaymar Industries Inc, Orchard Park, NY. A bacterial abscess of the tooth roots can come about rather quickly (hours-days), but other things can cause eyes to protrude (called exopthalmos), such as tumors, which grow on the order of weeks-months. Our differential diagnoses for exophthalmia in a rabbit included retrobulbar mass (cheek teeth root abscess, lymphoma), glaucoma (primary or secondary) and thymoma. Bookshelf The rabbit was reevaluated 2, 3, and 4 weeks after surgery. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 1994;24:2565. Hope it's not back. Aneta Gralak. Taking the abscess out, when very encapsulated, is often the best choice, especially if the area already has to be opened up to remove the eye. Okayhere's the update. I agree that a lot of the pics online for retrobulbular abscess are ridiculous and I can't imagine how the bunnies got that way. If the abscess closes too quickly, it will merely fill with pus again. Systemic problems may also affect the metabolically active apical germinal tissue and odontoblasts.13,19-23, Diagnosis and treatment of dental disease are often complicated by a vague clinical history, examination late in the disease process, variable and nonspecific clinical signs, and the difficulty inherent in performing detailed oral cavity examination in conscious rabbits. Rabbits are also prone to retrobulbar abscesses often associated with Pasteurella multocida; abscesses often form as an extension from dental disease (Jakl, 2012). The course of antimicrobial treatment was consequently extended until complete clinical remission was observed. Betty has developed some thick white discharge from the nostril on the side where she had the eye enucleated. Wills J. Coenurosis in a pet rabbit. Rabbit abscesses can be challenging to treat. Occasionally this can be curative, but since the origin of the problem is very often related to dental disease, this will also need to be addressed. OPEN ACCESS FORMS, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, www.vin.com/VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00293.htm, www.vin.com/VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00408.htm, Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2008, Compendium of Veterinary Standard Precautions for Zoonotic Disease Prevention in Veterinary Personnel: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Veterinary Infection Control Committee 2010, Infection control practices and zoonotic disease risks among veterinarians in the United States, Influence of metoclopramide on gastroesophageal reflux in anesthetized dogs. No matter what treatment is selected, rabbit abscesses have a higher probability of returning than abscesses in cats, dogs or humans. Malocclusions in guinea pigs, chinchillas and rabbits. Oral biology and disorders of lagomorphs. Complete surgical removal of the abscess along with correction of the cause gives the best chance for a complete cure. Premedication with atropine. Her teeth are in good shape. They are very well encapsulated and because of their location they are very difficult to reach and drain. It depends on the underlying cause. This article describes the diagnosis, surgical . The rabbit was hospitalized for supportive care overnight and was scheduled for elective surgery for tooth removal and abscess debridement the following day. http://www.VeterinaryPartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=503. Tyrrell KL, Citron DM, Jenkins JR, et al. Older rabbit with a history of severe acquired dental disease, retrobulbar abscess, and enucleation of the right eye. J Vet Dent 1995;12:1922. The corneal ulcer and nasal discharge had completely resolved 3 weeks after surgery. Dual-Acting Penicillin: Non-Surgical Treatment of Head Abscesses in Rabbits. 2nd ed. bView of the soft tissue defect (arrow) remaining after removal of the left maxillary second molar. San Diego: Academic Press Inc, 1994;467472. Crossley DA. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 2004;221229. The .gov means its official. House Rabbit Society, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, is the nations largest rabbit welfare group. Unlike dog and cat pus (exudate), rabbit exudate is thick and semi-solid, much like toothpaste, making it difficult to flush. MeSH . Endoscopic examination yielded visual confirmation of a cavity, and maxillary and dental elements were visible through the gingival defect. PMC Medical Information Search. It is also possible that the acute pain and ocular signs were actually a result of retrobulbar hemorrhage. Abnormal ocular or oculonasal discharge can also develop as a consequence of the eye irritation and the rabbit may show signs of discomfort such as excessive blinking and grinding teeth. It is the bodys natural defences to try and wall off infection to stop it spreading elsewhere within the body. Unusual bilateral retrobulbar abscess in the rabbit. What is a retrobulbar problem? Exophthalmos is the most prevalent clinical sign associated with orbital disease. With the finally correct diagnosis, Holy has improved, her breathing got better. For Librarians:Integration of your institutional LibKey profile with CAB Direct is very quick and easy! Gentle retropulsion of the left eye was used to aid in removal of inspissated material. Abnormal ocular or oculonasal discharge can also develop as a consequence of the eye irritation and the rabbit may show signs of discomfort such as excessive blinking and grinding teeth. Dorsoventral view of the skull of a rabbit with a retrobulbar abscess. In:Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, ed.Ferrets, rabbits and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. These tests might include bacterial culture of the wall of the abscess (culturing the pus itself is not useful), x-rays and/or ultrasound to determine the location and extent of the infection, and blood tests to determine the response of the immune system and the condition of other organs. The absence of angle in the straight telescope and rabbit oral cavity conformation enabled us to gain access to the bottom of the abscess cavity. Martin CL. He confirmed there was a mass behind the eye, but is was way back behind the eye. Radiographs of the cranium (dorsoventral, right and left lateral, and oblique views) were obtained on a mammography cassettec and films.d Radiography revealed severe malocclusion of the premolars and molars, with multiple elongated roots. He went in under the eye in hopes that he might be able to access the abscess without reomving the eye, but unfortunately that wasn't the case. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1986;711725. Retrobulbar abscesses in rabbits - Treatment avoiding enucleation. Sugar gliders are susceptible to infection with common bacteria, including Pasteurella multocida (commonly contracted from pet rabbits), staphylococci, streptococci, Mycobacterium sp (especially in skin), Klebsiella sp, and Clostridium.Clinical signs may be nonspecific, with depression, loss of appetite, and weight loss being the most readily detected. Abscesses (rabbits), in Proccedings. An official website of the United States government. Betty is recovering well, I think it was harder on me than her. A concurrent medical . A review of clinical conditions in pet rabbits associated with their teeth. It will often be necessary to perform diagnostic tests to investigate the cause of the abscess and to determine if other disease is present. Legendre LFJ. She stayed at the vet at for pain we gave her rimadyl and baytril. Uh oh. Clinical relevance: Oof, poor girl. Antimicrobial-impregnated beads were not used in the rabbit of this report because of the open tract leading to the oral cavity. Vet Rec 1999;144: 540. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Continue Reading. 8600 Rockville Pike All rights reserved, Permanent Link: http://www.VeterinaryPartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=503, Example: Yes, I would like to receive emails from House Rabbit Society. Location depends upon the affected dental structures, and in rabbits most commonly involves mandibular CT1-3. One rabbit included in this study presented with a retrobulbar abscess from a periapical origin (Figure-4). After induction, the rabbit was intubated by use of a fiberoptic laryngoscopeg and a 2-mm uncuffed nasotracheal tube.h A 24-gauge IV catheter was placed in the cephalic vein, and 22.2 mL of half-strength lactated Ringer's solution (NaCl concentration, 0.45%) containing 2.5% dextrose was administered at 10 mL/h during the anesthetic period. Two months after the initial surgery . The bacteria can hitch a ride on such objects. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2006;9:657665. Dental disease is often a predisposing factor since the roots of the upper cheek teeth can impinge upon the eyeball, and in extreme cases penetrate through it. Parathyroid hormone, haematological and biochemical parameters in relation to dental disease and husbandry in rabbits. . Pharmocokinetics of penicillin-G in serum and nasal washing of Pasterella multocida free and infected rabbits. Treatment of retrobulbar abscesses is an extremely difficult procedure and, unfortunately the majority of chronic retrobulbar abscesses may recur. government site. Radiography (x-rays) of the skull is generally performed under general anaesthesia. Hence, a rabbit that presents for primarily ophthalmologic signs such as epiphora or exophthalmus should receive a full dental examination. This type of abscess is known as "retrobulbar abscess" leading pet owners to think there is something wrong with their pets eye, when in reality the abscess is caused by the decay on the tooth. Recommended surgical treatment of such abscesses involves complete excision of the lesion, aggressive debridement of affected bone [3], and removal of associated teeth or tooth fragments [1]. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Also, abscesses can be internal or develop under the skin. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 2004;421428. L=Left. Case DescriptionA 1-year-old sexually intact female Netherland dwarf rabbit was examined because of a 3-week history of signs of lethargy, decreased appetite, left unilateral exophthalmia, a previous draining sinus from a left maxillary facial abscess, and bilateral nasal discharge. Intra-abdominal granulomas caused by Clostridium tertium in an American Fuzzy Lop rabbit/Granulomas intra-abdominais causados por Clostridium tertium em um coelho . #2. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. The frequency of gastrointestinal sounds was abnormally low in all 4 abdominal quadrants, but findings pertinent to the cardiorespiratory system were considered normal. Pus that is found behind the eye will usually be evaluated for the presence of pathogens as well. Below is a discussion on what can cause this problem and what we can do about. Identification of uncultured bacteria from abscesses of exotic pet animals using broad-range nested 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. Results of susceptibility testing revealed that no single antimicrobial was effective against both bacteria. Clinical aspects of lagomorph dental anatomy: the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). After seeing her regular vet, he suspected an abscess but wanted the eye to be ultrasounded, so we went to see an ophth specialist. Copyright 2012 2012 by Susan Brown, DVM. The most common signs of a retrobulbar abscess are bulging of the eye, protrusion of the third eyelid across the eye and inability to close the eyelids completely. Although this radiograph shows a true DV view of the maxilla, the mandible was deliberately pushed away from the side of the . Abscesses that form internally can be more difficult to diagnose or manage and include areas such as the uterus, lungs, heart, liver, abdominal fat, intestine and kidneys. Ward ML. Although uncommon, an abscess or pocket of infection/pus can develop behind the eye, which is referred to as a retrobulbar abscess. Abscesses in rabbits can present in many forms. Small hemostats were used to grasp the crown and rotate the molar around its longitudinal axis before elevating the tooth, in its entirety, into the oral cavity. } complications from abscess. Abstract Case DescriptionA 1-year-old sexually intact female Netherland dwarf rabbit was examined because of a 3-week history of signs of lethargy, decreased appetite, left unilateral exophthalmia, a previous draining sinus from a left maxillary facial abscess, and bilateral nasal discharge. Some rabbits can live with abscesses on various parts of their body for years by having them surgically drained as needed. Bookshelf A swab was inserted into the socket, and a swab specimen was submitted for aerobic and anerobic bacterial culture. This is exophthalmos caused by a retrobulbar space occupying mass. In:Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, ed.Ferrets, rabbits and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. Pain - on opening the mouth, commonly associated with an abscess; Discharge - watery to mucky due to inflammation; Third eyelid elevated - caused by pressure from behind the eye; Causes. Due to the close apposition of the globe to the posterior dental molar roots , dental disease and root infection can lead to severe exophthalmos. For more information visit: https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/about/about-cabi-digital-library, Why not join our research panel and help shape the future of CABI Digital Library? Disclaimer. Definitely not the worst, but it's good she'll be seen soon. and transmitted securely. Notice the persisting soft tissue swelling associated with exophthalmia involving the left eye (arrow). margin: 0; The .gov means its official. With endoscopic guidance, an angled curette was used to debride and remove inspissated material from the socket in piecemeal fashion (Figure 3). You are using an out of date browser. These can occur almost anywhere in a rabbit's body, and while the center of an abscess . MRI: abscess dorsal from molar root tooth, Anaerobic bacteria are commonly isolated -, Yes please, I would like to read about future offers and latest news via email. We have updated the search filter for evidence-based literature in our databases. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 2004;392394. Disclaimer. Hey evereyone I'm new here! Endoscopic photographs obtained during stomatoscopy in the same rabbit as in Figure 1. aCaseous exudate (arrows) is entering the oral cavity from the gingival margin around the left maxillary second molar. Fluorescein stainingf revealed a superficial corneal ulcer in the left eye. If clinical resolution is not gained, enucleation may be performed instead. It is also posssible to aspirate material from the abscess and test it for bacteria in order to make a diagnosis of infection rather than tumour, and also to choose the best antibiotics as treatment. In:Hillyer EV, Quesenberry KE, ed.Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. In:Lemox AM, ed.Rabbit and rodent dentistry handbook. CAB Direct provides a convenient, single point of access to all of your CABI database subscriptions. Most experienced rabbit veterinarians feel that complete surgical removal of the abscess, along with treatment of the underlying cause, gives the rabbit the best chance for a complete cure. Related Images. This case report describes a 13-month-old female neutered Netherland Dwarf rabbit that was diagnosed with a dental associated infection of the right maxillary third premolar. Unfortunately a lot of the pics people put online are the most obvious cases they've seen, and many of those occur with total neglect of the rabbit, or someone not paying very close attention to their rabbit. Rabbits can suffer from infections of the upper respiratory tract (the sinuses and other parts of the tract that are not actually parts of the lungs), and this is usually manifested as runny nose, runny eyes and sneezing. Preoperative assessment and long-term monitoring were achieved with a combination of radiography, ophthalmic ultrasonography, and CT. Extraoral rigid endoscopy via a fenestration in the maxilla was used to facilitate surgical debridement of the lesion, and extraction of multiple cheek teeth has been fundamental to achieving control. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. We started with antibiotics, vet said it could be 4-6 weeks before we saw results. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. Figure-4. Radiography of the cranium and ophthalmic ultrasonography helped to assess the extent and progression of the process. .avma_container { 2007 Jul 15;231(2):284-9. doi: 10.2460/javma.231.2.284. So, my boy is facing some health issues. One year after the initial diagnosis, the rabbit was clinically normal and no further complications were reported. Stomatoscopy examination revealed no opening or cavity. Receive latest Vetlexicon news and updates by signing up to our mailing list. 2nd ed. Abscesses are a common occurrence in rabbits, and form when bacteria enter the skin or a body cavity, and sets up an infection. Abscesses that develop behind the eye are known as retrobulbar abscesses. Vet Rec 1995;137:341346. Case description: A 1-year-old sexually intact female Netherland dwarf rabbit was examined because of a 3-week history of signs of lethargy, decreased appetite, left unilateral exophthalmia, a previous draining sinus from a left maxillary facial abscess, and bilateral nasal discharge. .item01 { In:Harcourt-Brown FM, ed.Textbook of rabbit medicine. [47] record evidence from . Pasteurella multocida, which is believed to be a frequent cause of abscesses in rabbits, was not isolated from the rabbit of this report.9,36. Can Vet J 2002;43:385390. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. Retrobulbar abscess is commonly associated with acquired dental disease - higher incidence in rabbits older than 2 years. Making lots of left turns. Retrobulbar abscesses Eye: retrobulbar abscess are also common. Tear duct abscesses can be the result of an elongated upper incisor tooth root blocking the tear duct. Brook DL. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. RETROBULBAR ABSCESS IN A RABBIT 659. The cavity had decreased in size and was copiously flushed with sterile saline solution and antimicrobials, as described. To show you are not a Bot please can you enter the number showing adjacent to this field. cView of cavity debridement being performed with an angled curette. J Small Anim Pract 2001;42:130136. Masipa JN, Bouckaert M, Masureik C, Lemmer J, Meyerov R, Feller L. Diagnosis and management of a retrobulbar abscess of periapical origin in a domestic rabbit. Volume 41, Issue 7. Recommended surgical treatment of such abscesses involves complete excision of the lesion, aggressive debridement of affected bone [3] , and removal of associated teeth or tooth fragments [1] . It is not always possible to surgically remove an abscess due to its location, other disease (making anesthesia or a lengthy surgery dangerous) or financial restraints. Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of dental disease in pet rabbits. Ideally, all of the wall of all abscesses should be cultured for both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria to determine the best choice for antibiotic therapy with or without surgery. Abstract. The symptoms that are present with a retrobulbar abscess in dogs will prompt a thorough eye exam to be completed. 97. } 2005 Jan 15;130(2):50-3. [Fractures of the canines require attention]. X-rays will not only show abnormalities behind the eye, but will also give the opportunity to confirm or rule out dental disease. Above all, antibiotic-containing implants, which are introduced into the abscess cavity, show a high success rate. In the following article different methods are presented by which an enucleation of the bulbus can be avoided. Appreciate species differences in ocular anatomy . Epub 2019 Oct 9. Abstract. In:Manning PJ, Ringler DH, Newcomer CE, ed.The biology of the laboratory rabbit. National Library of Medicine Citation: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 230, 6; 10.2460/javma.230.6.868. The accumulated fluid in the tear duct is a perfect breeding ground for bacteria and an abscess can form easily. It depends on the underlying cause. Medial is on the right side of the image, and lateral is to the left. Physical examination revealed generalized muscle atrophy, bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, and severe left-sided exophthalmia. In:Fowler ME, ed.Zoo and wild animal medicine. Dental and oral disease in lagomorphs. Retrobulbar abscesses in rabbits were often reported with a poor prognosis . The success of this conservative approach to management of a retrobulbar abscess resulted partly from frequent monitoring, serial stomatoscopy, and good client compliance. Moderate to expensive, if computed tomography, Due to manipulation with the eye, oculo-vagal reflex (bradycardia) was seen by the author in two cases. Suneetha N, Battu RR, Thomas RK, et al. Treatment options for retrobulbar abscesses are presently limited in pet rabbits, and in 1 review,20 the prognosis was considered to be guarded to grave. A small angled elevator was used to break down the soft tissue attachments securing the molar.