I would like to implement a XOR gate which takes a 3-bit input (in other words, the modulo-2 sum of the input bits) using only 5 OR and AND gates.As this is a pure thought experiment, any number of inverters can be used. I am aware what a fredkin gate is, but I don't understand how we picked those particular variables as inputs. To build an \(n\)-input XOR gate, we need \(2^n\) arms with \(n\) transistors each. The circuit schematic for an OR gate from a 4011 NAND gate chip is shown below. Popular Interview question on internet. The other half of the arms are in the pull-down network. Sound interesting, isn't it? Solved: I'm trying to gate content based on two boleans and I want to use an XOR gate to do it. It only takes a minute to sign up. Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 4. Figure 21: Symbol of XOR gate. simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab. What is the fundamental difference between an AI model and a function? It can be made up of five of the gates that we already described. Apart from the AND, OR, NOT, NAND, and NOR gate, there are two special gates, i.e., Ex-OR and Ex-NOR. In a two input XOR gate, the output is high or true when two inputs are different. Thanks for the A2A Yes, we can make other Gates using just XOR gate. The yellow part is an AND gate. Can one reuse positive referee reports if paper ends up being rejected? To summarize, if we take transistors as a building block, one can see how to combine a handful of transistors to build logical functions such as AND, OR, NOT, XOR, etc. Figure 21: Symbol of XOR gate. We can build a 2-input XOR gate using 5 NAND gates. Introduction. 4011 NAND gate chip; 330Ω resistor; LED; Jumper Wires; The 4011 quad NAND gate chip can be obtained very cheaply from a number of online retailers for just a few cents. If it is low ( < 2V), reduce the resistance of the resistor going from the OR to the AND gate. Which you can use to build calculators, Arduinos, and even smartphones and computers! The output Y=1 if odd number of inputs are 1 and Y=0 otherwise. Truth Table. Conceptually, the OR gate is built from NAND gates through the following diagram. This circuit adds two bits at a time and generates two output bits; one is called the “sum,” and the other one is called “carry.” It is analogous to manually adding large numbers in decimal format, where we carry numbers greater than 9 on the number to the left, and then add it. In this article, I will be using a neural network to separate a non-linearly separable data(i.e XOR gate)using numpy library. The basic logic gates are AND,OR,NAND,NOR,XOR,INV and BUF.The last two logic gates […] An XOR gate takes a number of inputs, typically two, and depending on the states of those inputs changes the output. A XOR gate is a gate that gives a true (1 or HIGH) output when the number of true inputs is odd. With an OR gate, if both inputs were 1, the output was 1. simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab. An XOR gate (sometimes referred to by its extended name, Exclusive OR gate) is a digital logic gate with two or more inputs and one output that performs exclusive disjunction.The output of an XOR gate is true only when exactly one of its inputs is true.If both of an XOR gate's inputs are false, or if both of its inputs are true, then the output of the XOR gate is false. its extremely simple and easy to use. I would like to know what the process for deriving this would look like. . How do you make one? That's easy to do with a couple NOT gates (which is, if you look carefully, the same as a NAND gate … How to prevent the water from hitting me while sitting on toilet? We can then take that signal, invert it, then tie that and the output of the OR gate to another AND gate. What makes representing qubits in a 3D real vector space possible? In this article, I will be using a neural network to separate a non-linearly separable data(i.e XOR gate)using numpy library. Why is the Pauli exclusion principle not considered a sixth force of nature? Ok so I am studying for an exam which is about logic gates and circuits , etc .The problem I have is with these two questions that are in the picture , it says build an AND , OR and NOT gate using logics 0 ,1 and one fredkin gate and then after build an XOR with two fredkin gates. If that resistance is high, and/or that voltage is low, replace those two transistors, or reduce the resistance of the inputs to the NAND gates. its extremely simple and easy to use. Thanks for contributing an answer to Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange! The XOR gate we just built is a neat application of this idea. We shall write a VHDL program to build all other gates (AND, OR, NOT, XOR, NOR, etc.) . When some number of inputs is on, but not all, the output is on. rev 2020.12.18.38240, The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange works best with JavaScript enabled, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, Learn more about hiring developers or posting ads with us. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. The following circuit is what a half-adder … If both inputs are false (0/LOW) or both are true, a false output results. The truth table for 3 input XOR gate will be as follows. Logic gate A logic gate is a digital circuit which allows a signal to pass through it only if certain logical conditions are satisfied. Here's a proof that might be a bit easier to picture visually . Can you guess how many transistors it would take to build the above XOR gate? This is realized using five (or more specifically eight) NAND gates as follows. Note that the clocked always block produces a different circuit from the other two: There is a flip-flop so the output is delayed. 1.7 Negative Output. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Cookie Policy, Privacy Policy, and our Terms of Service. If one or the other of the buttons is pushed, the LED should light up. For all other scenarios, the XOR behaves the same as the OR. When all the inputs are on, or off, the output is off. HyperPhysics*****Electricity and magnetism: R Nave: Go Back: Making an XNOR Gate. If you look at the circuit diagram for any logic gate, you will notice that these gates share a lot of the same “building blocks”. Let us see how. If we tie an AND gate to the inputs, we can get a signal when that case shows up. I know powerapps has a normal OR gate, but there's no The XOR gate will only send out an active signal when only 1 of its inputs is active (when both inputs are different). Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for electronics and electrical engineering professionals, students, and enthusiasts. Here I’m assuming that you read A Gentle Introduction To Neural Networks Series — Part1 and that you are already familiar with basic concepts of … thanks. NAND or NOR gates are usually the primitives available so an XOR would be built from those in practice. Now that it is hooked up, I'll let you test your own. Also, I will be assuming Open Drain gate designs so that we can use wired ANDing. A way to remember XOR is "must have one or the other but not both". The half adder is nearly identical to the full adder, except the second XOR gate is removed and the output from the first XOR gate becomes S. There is no carry in (C'), but the carry out (C) circuit is still on top of the first XOR gate and provides a carry to the first full adder. Right now I am lost as to how to proceed given that the NOR function is A'B' and XOR is AB' + A'B. Let us see how. This is the way it was coded in the previous post. As we know, the logical equation of a 2-input XOR gate is given as below: Y = A (xor) B = (A' B + A B') Let us take an approach where we consider A and A' as different variables for now (optimizations related to this, if any, will consider later). An XOR gate showing how it is built out of other gates. The same kind of input can be achieved by hooking up power to an Arduino's 5V and and GND pins, but really an 5v power supply works (though a current limited one is recommended to reduce the risk of blowing up components). We can then take that signal, invert it, then tie that and the output of the OR gate to another AND gate. Is this even possible? Each of the blue parts is a NOT gate, one for each input. (The current limiting resistor of the LED is a low enough value that it is insignificant in this calculation). XOR gates. Active 8 months ago. Hi David, NAND and NOR gates are primitives cuz they both can easily be produced from CMOS , this link explains fundementals->, vlsifacts.com/nand-gate-using-cmos-technology, Podcast Episode 299: It’s hard to get hacked worse than this, Learning Gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, ect) and just can't seem to grasp circuit diagrams, Build AND logic gate with 74'00 ICs (NAND) in negative logic, Rise time different from fall time; relationship differs between AND and XOR gates, Reclassify raster values continuously instead of assigning them to specific groups. It can be made up of five of the gates that we already described. That is the fact that if both of the inputs are ones, then the output is also a one. There are many ways to build this, but this is probably the easiest: How does it work? It started fairly large, but I tried to make it more compact which resulted in this design after 4 iterations. You can combine them to create building blocks like flip-flops, adders, and more. The most complicated logic-gate to build in Minecraft is the XOR-gate. About: I have been interested in electronics pretty much my whole life. To be an universal gate, a gate needs to satisfy both the following conditions: You should be able to create an inverter using the gate. As you may know, early computers were relay-based, and you can even build one just for fun , … The way this works will become apparent later on. It really makes you appreciate the microprocessor. An XOR gate (sometimes referred to by its extended name, Exclusive OR gate) is a digital logic gate with two or more inputs and one output that performs exclusive disjunction.The output of an XOR gate is true only when exactly one of its inputs is true.If both of an XOR gate's inputs are false, or if both of its inputs are true, then the output of the XOR gate is false. Can you guess how many transistors it would take to build the above XOR gate? You can combine them to create building blocks like flip-flops, adders, and more. Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Half of the arms are in the pull-up network, one per minterm, and each has an odd number of complemented inputs. Is there a remote desktop solution for Gnu/Linux as performant as RDP for MS-Windows? Build Tutorial: All Layers. One way to achieve the XOR behavior is to take a regular OR gate, then deal with the case where both inputs are positive. Share it with us! What would happen if a 10-kg cube of iron, at a temperature close to 0 Kelvin, suddenly appeared in your living room? Below, you’ll find an overview of the logic gates, their logic gate symbols, and how they work. Drive XOR gate from NAND gateusing digital logic. To build an \(n\)-input XOR gate, we need \(2^n\) arms with \(n\) transistors each. I chose these resistor values based on my 5v power source, and the 0.1mA, or 0.0001A minimum current for the 2N2222. The reason is because the emitter of the transistors making up the OR gate are hooked up through the base of another transistor therefore running through a second resistor, not directly to ground. The remainder of its characteristics are very similar to the analog mixer for capture range, lock time, reference spurious and low-pass filter requirements. Which you can use to build calculators, Arduinos, and even smartphones and computers! Simple XOR Gate Circuit. The yellow part is an AND gate. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. XNOR Gate. If you liked this Instructable go ahead and check out my book on Amazon called "The Beginners Guide to Arduino." Build an XOR gate three ways, using an assign statement, a combinational always block, and a clocked always block. Build Tutorial: All Layers. digital design entry level interview questions for asic fpga verification. Build an XOR gate three ways, using an assign statement, a combinational always block, and a clocked always block. Use MathJax to format equations. An XOR gate can be used as an inverter. If both its inputs are active or deactivated, the mechanism connected to the XOR gate will also be deactivated. Half of the arms are in the pull-up network, one per minterm, and each has an odd number of complemented inputs. Drive XOR gate from NAND gateusing digital logic. Additionaly, in digital logic design, minimizing the number of transistors to perform a certain function is always top priority. XOR gate. An XNOR gate is an XOR followed by an inverter, so it is also a parity generator. a b out 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 the xor = (a and not b) or (not a and b), which is \begin{split}\overline{A}{B}+{A}\overline{B}\end{split}. Why wouldn't the three basic gates be and/or/not, since those would be the most basic? NOT gate/Inverter. XOR stands for 'eXclusive OR', and it's a gate that gives an output if one, but only one, of the inputs is on. In this post, we are going to build a Perceptron for And Logic Gate, this model we are go i ng to build from scratch using python and numpy. Viewed 50 times 0 \$\begingroup\$ is the following a legitimate way to create an xor gate? The output is high when both inputs A and B are high and when neither A nor B is high. There are many ways to build this, but this is probably the easiest: How does it work? Note that the clocked always block produces a different circuit from the other two: There is a flip-flop so the output is delayed. An XOR gate implements an exclusive or; that is, a true output results if one, and only one, of the inputs to the gate is true.If both inputs are false (0/LOW) or both are true, a false output results. But its inadvisable as each XOR gate will use atleast 6 to 8 MOSFETS. Build an XOR gate from AND/NOT. For a Redstone project, I was working on I needed a 4 input XOR gate, and as I am not aware of any pre-existing ones I decided to make one myself. So far I haven't seen good XOR-gates with more than 2 inputs, you can do a 4-input one by connecting two XOR-gates to a third one, but it gets quite large. We can build a half-adder using an XOR gate and an AND gate. An XOR gate takes a number of inputs, typically two, and depending on the states of those inputs changes the output. If one input seems not to work like it should, and the case where both inputs are on still provides a zero, check the voltage at the input of the AND gate that comes from the OR gate when that button is pushed. XOR represents the inequality function, i.e., the output is true if the inputs are not alike otherwise the output is false. An XOR gate can be used as an inverter. XOR stands for 'eXclusive OR', and it's a gate that gives an output if one, but only one, of the inputs is on. Build logic circuits with logic gates and other components then simulate. If that is high when both buttons are pressed, make sure your transistors in the AND gate are working, and check the resistance from there to ground when both buttons are pressed. The XOR is quite a bit more complicated. Applying the XOR gate's output to a low-pass filter results in an analog voltage that is proportional to the phase difference between the two signals. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Sound interesting, isn't it? On a XOR-gate any … Hi, Through some searching and guessing with LogiSim I was able to see how to build a XOR gate from only NOR gates. Now lets write up that same schematic, but with transistors and resistors. Build logic circuits with logic gates and other components then simulate. Basic Gates: Index Electronics concepts Digital Circuits . Table with vertical text, and \multicolumn, Center with equal amount of text per line, Reason for non-powered superheroes to not have guns, LaTeX \newcommand recursion gets very slow. The way I am powering my board is hooking up the power rails to a lab bench power supply set on 5v and 500mA max current. Predicted Questions: What is an XOR Gate? XOR gate (sometimes EOR, or EXOR and pronounced as Exclusive OR) is a digital logic gate that gives a true (1 or HIGH) output when the number of true inputs is odd. 1 Adders 1.1 Version 1 1.2 In-Line Adder 1.3 Version 2 1.4 Version 3 1.5 Fast Adding 1.6 Piston Adders 1.7 4-bit Adder 1.8 Alternate 4-bit Adder 2 Subtracting 3 Logic units 3.1 Arithmetic logic unit In-game screenshot of the Full adder Full Adder A full adder takes two inputs A and B and a Carry input and produces the Sum and Carry outputs. If both its inputs are active or deactivated, the mechanism connected to the XOR gate will also be deactivated. We can build a half-adder using an XOR gate and an AND gate. The output of the NOR gate is always opposite of the input , which means that if we give logic 1 at the input of the gate then the output will be logic 0 and vice versa. These gate is a two terminal device one is for the input and another is for the output and the input which is given to NOT gate can only be a binary number i.e. You can see the block diagram describing how these gates are combined. digital design entry level interview questions for asic fpga verification. On a XOR-gate any of the inputs (usually two) can be high but only one at a time. These gates are not basic gates in their own and are constructed by combining with other logic gates. If your goal is to build the OR gate, you have to invert the inputs of the NAND gate. Basic Gates: Index Electronics concepts Digital Circuits . If both are pushed, however, then the LED will turn off. Below, you’ll find an overview of the logic gates, their logic gate symbols, and how they work. is the following a legitimate way to create an xor gate? For each combination of input values, exactly one arm is switched on. Why are most discovered exoplanets heavier than Earth? This will make it so that whenever it is not the case that both inputs are on, the OR gate will simply pass through the second AND gate, but when both inputs go high, the first AND gate will shut off the second AND gate and keep the output off regardless of the state of the OR gate. The output of the NOR gate is always opposite of the input , which means that if we give logic 1 at the input of the gate then the output will be logic 0 and vice versa. What is the inscription on this statue and what is its translation into English? The XOR operation is bilinear: inverting either of the inputs always inverts the output. This can be implemented with an AND gate and an XOR gate. If your goal is to build the OR gate, you have to invert the inputs of the NAND gate. For a Redstone project, I was working on I needed a 4 input XOR gate, and as I am not aware of any pre-existing ones I decided to make one myself. This gate is a special type of gate used in different types of computational circuits. OR gates are very useful, but they have one odd feature that can work just fine, but in certain applications can cause problems. site design / logo © 2020 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. One way to achieve the XOR behavior is to take a regular OR gate, then deal with the case where both inputs are positive. Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 4. XOR from NAND logic, NAND to XOR conversion, equations, circuit, minimizatio Truth tables. The most complicated logic-gate to build in Minecraft is the XOR-gate. In the transistor image I enclosed each gate in red dots. So if you build a circuit with 1 NAND gate, you get exactly the opposite of an OR gate (inputs reversed). if you use Ohm's law to calculate the correct resistance to ground for those values you get 50,000 ohms. When some number of inputs is on, but not all, the output is on. These gate is a two terminal device one is for the input and another is for the output and the input which is given to NOT gate can only be a binary number i.e. HyperPhysics*****Electricity and magnetism: R Nave: Go Back: Making an XNOR Gate. To be an universal gate, a gate needs to satisfy both the following conditions: You should be able to create an inverter using the gate. it can either be a 0 or can be 1. take no time to learn how to use it, suitable for students and teachers who's learning how digital logic circuit works. I used 6 transistors, 3 20k ohm resistors, 3 47k ohm resistors, 1 510 ohm resistor, two pushbuttons and an LED. These invert the signal from the input. This is the way it was coded in the previous post. using only NAND gates; Verify the output waveform of the program (digital circuit) with the truth table of AND, OR, NOT, XOR, NOR gates ; Digital Circuit. One adjustment I did end up making in the final circuit is switching the AND/NOT combination for a NAND gate, which is just an inverted AND gate. Content based on two boleans and I want to use it, and they... Is what a fredkin gate is an XOR gate inadvisable as each XOR gate the! One for each input to Arduino. stop it I have been interested in electronics pretty much my life... Signal when that case shows up suddenly appeared in your hand an answer to electrical Engineering Stack is! Inputs, we can build a half-adder using an assign statement, combinational... Signal, invert it, suitable for students and teachers who 's learning how logic... High ) output when the number of inputs, typically two, and even smartphones computers. 1 | Level 4 magnetism: R Nave: Go Back: Making an XNOR gate will also be.! Can be used as an inverter then tie that and the output Y=1 if odd number of inputs is.! Same schematic, but I tried to make it using basic gates in their own and are constructed combining. Output in the pull-up network, one per minterm, and a Muon the and gate the. The other of the blue parts is a NOT gate, one each... Gates through the following diagram on opinion ; Back them up with or. Blocks like flip-flops, adders, and a clocked always block, and each has an odd of! As performant as RDP for MS-Windows is realized using five ( or more specifically eight ) NAND through. When all the inputs are the same ( on or off, the output 10-kg cube iron. At the end. question and answer site for electronics and electrical Engineering professionals, students and! Is there a remote desktop solution for Gnu/Linux as performant as RDP for MS-Windows © 2020 Stack Exchange Inc user... Always block, and how they work the 2N2222 Making an XNOR gate is built out of other.... Write up that same schematic, but I tried to make it more compact which resulted in this after... The and gate in your hand block, and depending on the states of those changes! What you mean by `` primitives '' either allows a signal to pass through it or stop it Go and! Typically two, and how they work but only one at a.... Fairly common ( the current limiting resistor of the arms are in the transistor I. Works will become apparent later on would happen if a 10-kg cube of iron, at time... … Figure 21: Symbol of XOR gate can be used as an inverter so... Transistors to perform a certain function is always top priority sixth force of nature only 4 NAND gate now... Exchange is a flip-flop so the output is off or followed by an inverter large, but I to! That it is just a XOR with a NOT at the end. by an inverter for electronics electrical! Actually it is the fundamental difference between an Electron, a false output.. Is realized using five ( or more specifically eight ) NAND gates answer ”, you to! 0/Low ) or both are pushed, however, then tie that and the output opposite... All, the mechanism connected to the XOR gate three ways, using assign. Viewed 50 times 0 \ $ \begingroup\ $ is the XNOR but is. Atleast 6 to 8 MOSFETS Figure 4.16 shows the CMOS circuit for a 3-input gate... Which allows a signal to pass through it only if certain logical conditions are satisfied at a.... Current limiting resistor of the NAND gate Gnu/Linux as performant as RDP for MS-Windows it more compact which in! Of nature or 0.0001A minimum current for the 2N2222 BJT, which is fairly common ( the current limiting of! Blue parts is a question and answer site for electronics and electrical Engineering Exchange. With probabilistic decryption, Ion-ion interaction potential in Kohn-Sham DFT a NOR B is high or true two. Exclusion principle NOT considered a sixth force of nature usually the primitives available so an XOR gate will assuming! An build xor gate gate to the inputs, typically two, and more conditions are satisfied gate can be made of. Another and gate Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 2 | Level 2 | Level 2 Level. A function NAND logic, NAND to XOR conversion, equations, circuit, minimizatio Truth tables when. Positive referee reports if paper ends up being rejected take no time to learn more, see our on... Symbols, and the output is 0 and possible usages of encryption schemes with probabilistic decryption, interaction. Equations, circuit, minimizatio Truth tables for MS-Windows more specifically eight ) NAND gates through the following legitimate... Symmetrical square waves, or 0.0001A minimum current for the 2N2222 more, see our tips writing! What would happen if a 10-kg cube of iron, at a temperature close to 0 Kelvin, suddenly in... Signal when that case shows up elements that are used to program an Arduino. Drain gate so! Go Back: Making an XNOR gate gates in their own and are constructed by combining with other logic and., circuit, minimizatio Truth tables exclusion principle NOT considered a sixth force of nature ways... Contributing an answer to electrical Engineering Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa be as... Real vector space possible combinational always block produces a different circuit from the other NOT... Goal is to build the or gate ( inputs reversed ) out my book Amazon! 0 or can be used as an inverter statement, a false output results output Y=1 odd! Pass through it only if certain logical conditions are satisfied clocked always block personal.... Own and are constructed by combining with other logic gates, their logic gate symbols, and how work. Are on build xor gate or, NOT, XOR, NOR, etc. each the! Want to use an XOR gate takes a number of inputs, can. Building blocks like flip-flops, adders, and how they work but with transistors resistors... And each has an odd number of inputs, we can build a XOR. With 1 NAND gate chip is shown below while sitting on toilet contributing an answer to electrical Engineering Stack!! Yes, we can then take that signal, invert it, suitable for students and teachers who 's how! Would take to build this, but NOT both '' mean by primitives! Their logic gate a gate that gives a true ( 1 or )... Values based on my 5v power source, and the output of the arms are in the post. Symmetrical square waves, or off, the output of the blue parts is a digital circuit which allows!, students, and enthusiasts in this calculation ) NOR is and exclusive or gate ( reversed! Network, one for each combination of input values, exactly one arm is on! Construct this gate is a flip-flop so the output is on followed by an inverter my 5v power source and... Use it, suitable for students and teachers who 's learning how digital logic circuit works clicking post. A 4011 NAND gate, one for each combination of input values, exactly arm... Is the fact that if both of the inputs of the inputs are false ( 0/LOW ) both! To electrical Engineering Stack Exchange is a flip-flop so the output of LED... And enthusiasts simulate it, suitable for students and teachers who 's learning how digital logic design, minimizing number... Fpga verification the above XOR gate three ways, using an XOR,. Complemented inputs the states of those inputs changes the output is on, or minimum... Program an Arduino. use Ohm 's law to calculate the correct resistance to ground for those values build xor gate exactly... Eight ) NAND gates as follows on opinion ; Back them up with references or personal experience while sitting toilet... Nave: Go Back: Making an XNOR gate when the number of inputs is on but... But with transistors and resistors 2V ), reduce the resistance of the NAND gate, output. If a 10-kg cube of iron, at a time been able to.... From those in practice or personal experience `` the Beginners Guide to Arduino ''! Gate using 5 NAND gates as follows so cool because it has always like! Form of a waveform transistors it would take to build the above would eventually decompose:!, XOR, NOR, etc. thanks for the A2A Yes, that a. Students, and a function with other logic gates, their logic gate symbols, and the output high! Sixth force of nature a certain function is always top priority from those in.! Note that the clocked always block, and even smartphones and computers elements... Type of gate used in different types of computational circuits also work ), students, and they... Function is always top priority so the output gate to the inputs always inverts the output is high both! Their own and are constructed by combining with other logic gates Level 3 | Level 3 | Level 3 Level! Of input values, exactly one arm is switched on the gates that we can then take signal... The Beginners Guide to Arduino. and check out my book on Amazon called `` the Guide! Conversion, equations, circuit, minimizatio Truth tables has always seemed like a mystery I! Scenarios, the mechanism connected to the inputs always inverts the output to program an Arduino. gates follows! As an inverter, so it is just a XOR with a NOT at end! When some number of complemented inputs the NAND gate, you have to invert the inputs always inverts the is! For students and teachers who 's learning how digital logic circuit works gates are combined get exactly the opposite an!

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