The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. The Structure of the Nervous System. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. d. latent content. 77. We see this in the case of reflexes. b. ego. a. Perls. d. It produces a steady stream of low-voltage electricity to the targeted brain areas. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. d. create an ideal set of genes. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. Racial and ethnic minorities must contend with prejudice, discrimination, racism, economic hardships, etc. a. So what do we do with this information? Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. b. cognitive-behavioral. The use of these drugs has been generally beneficial to patients. The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a persons head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: a. vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). c. alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. 92. a. Attributions and cognitive errors. 33. d. sociocultural. She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not naturally strive to reach their full growth potential. According to cognition-focused therapists, all of the following can be sources of abnormal thinking EXCEPT: a. illogical thinking. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? The charge inside is -70mV at rest. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral, 60. If we are not motivated to perform an observed behavior, we probably will not show what we have learned. Horowitz (2008) found that rates of SAD are just 1% for those living in Florida while 9% of Alaskans are diagnosed with the disorder. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. This single factor explanation is called a uni-dimensional model. The structure of personality. c. feminist therapy. It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: a. cognition-focused therapists. What exactly are some of the neurotransmitters which are so critical for neural transmission, and are essential to our discussion of psychopathology? a. the humanistic-existential model b. the family-social perspective c. the cognitive model d. the psychodynamic model, 11. b. cognitive-behavioral The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. c. identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings. 2.3.1.5. Release of neurotransmitters is stopped. This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. d. client-centered therapy. Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factorssuch as stress, abuse, or a traumatic eventwhich can influence, or trigger, an illness in a person who has an inherited susceptibility to it (https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1). Hence, they experience conditional positive regard. b. cognitive-behavioral b. multicultural. So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. In the case of borderline personality disorder, many people report experiencing traumatic life events such as abandonment, abuse, unstable relationships or hostility, and adversity during childhood. Counselors, clinical psychologists, and psychotherapists often work directly in . 161. c. drugs are not very effective in the treatment of abnormal behavior. d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: A patient's initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. Which technique is her therapist MOST likely to recommend? a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic, 7. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. d. latency stage. 52. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? c. Beck. Humanists and existentialists both agree that: a. psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception. b. resistance. We can also ask the patient probing questions, seek information from family members, examine medical records, and in time, organize and process all this information to better understand the persons condition and potential causes. Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? These therapies have proven efficacy for the treatment of depression (Kalibatseva & Leong, 2014) and schizophrenia (Naeem et al., 2015). A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? b. ethnographic studies. d. object relations theory. Amelia has been told that her course of therapy is likely to take a year or more because it involves the reshaping of her personality and that takes many sessions. Neurotransmitters. Thats all right. All of the models include an element of the biological model. d. cognitive. The perspectives do offer hope to people suffering tragedy by asserting that we control our destiny and can make our own choices. Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. Conditioning, or a type of associative learning, occurs when two separate events become connected. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? b. social factors leading to stress. 114. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? a. psychodynamic Albert Bandura conducted pivotal research on observational learning, and you likely already know all about it. Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. c. who believe in a higher being are the healthiest. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. However, people can build up a tolerance to benzodiazepines if they are taken over a long period of time and may need higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, difficulty urinating, and irregular heartbeat, to name a few. Why is this? 58. 23. Obviously then, with partial, a response continues being made for a while. d. cognitive-behavioral. 66. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. humanist-existential d. cognitive-behavioral. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. b. cultural. Panel A of Figure 2.6 shows the naturally occurring response to the stimulus of a loud sound. 113. 31. When it comes to other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research has not found differences in the ratesat whichmen and women experience these illnesses. Which conclusion can be drawn from this finding? 165. An example was the attention I received for saying I was Chicken Little. A family systems theorist might suggest that Robin comes from a(n) _____ family. d. synapses. Recognizing the signs that you or someone you love may have a mental disorder is the first step toward getting treatment. d. displacement. c. social networks. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a here and now orientation, are _____ therapists. c. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. WebMD adds, Experts believe many mental illnesses are linked to abnormalities in many genes rather than just one or a few and that how these genes interact with the environment is unique for every person (even identical twins). The development of personality. The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. How is the anatomy of the brain important to a discussion of psychopathology? Still, cognitive-behavioral therapies have proven their efficacy for the treatment of OCD (McKay et al., 2015), perinatal depression (Sockol, 2015), insomnia (de Bruin et al., 2015), bulimia nervosa (Poulsen et al., 2014), hypochondriasis (Olatunji et al., 2014), and social anxiety disorder (Leichsenring et al., 2014) to name a few. Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. 150. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning. In terms of the latter, cognitive behavior modification procedures arose after the 1960s and with the rise of cognitive psychology. Another respondent conditioning way to unlearn a fear is called flooding or exposing the person to the maximum level of stimulus and as nothing aversive occurs, the link between CS and UCS producing the CR of fear should break, leaving the person unafraid. a. behavior-focused The superego is partly conscious but mostly unconscious, and part of it becomes our conscience. This represents the individual pairings of a feared object or situation and relaxation. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the clients family structure, societal norms, and the clients roles in society. a. existential Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational). The sociocultural model has contributed significantly to our understanding of the nuances of mental illness diagnosis, prognosis, course, and treatment for other races, cultures, genders, ethnicities. Interestingly, younger adults are more likely to develop SAD than older adults. For instance, people with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) have difficulty regulating serotonin. a. Fritz Perls b. Joseph Wolpe c. Abraham Maslow d. Aaron Beck, 123. Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. 140. First, you can use cognitive restructuring, also called rational restructuring, in which maladaptive cognitions are replaced with more adaptive ones. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). 2. What is learning and what forms does it take? c. The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? The pituitary gland is the master gland which regulates other endocrine glands. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: a. improving the clients interactions with others. Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016). As such, he continues to steal her toys. Asking yourself what if something happens, without being satisfied by any of the answers. The content of dreams includes the persons actual retelling of the dreams, called manifest content, and the hidden or symbolic meaning called latent content. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. Evaluate the usefulness of psychodynamic theory. See Figure 2.1 below. c. manifest content. 28. Before the race begins, she thinks, "I won't be able to do this!" Behaviors and thoughts may influence the development of psychological disorders. They also have not developed much in the way of theory, and the perspectives tend to work best with people suffering from adjustment issues and not as well with severe mental illness. c. regression. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013). According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: a. enmeshed structure. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. This person is an A student but does not like being right under the nose of the professor, especially if he/she tends to spit when lecturing. d. self-aware. According to the Genetics Home Reference website as part of NIHs National Library of Medicine, a gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity (https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene). This is called: a. fixation. Gender is not a cause of mental illness, though differing demands placed on males and females by society and their culture can influence the development and course of a disorder. A person with a controlling mother is getting help. They are tied to experiences early in life. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: a. dendrites. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on exploring relationships among a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviors. According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: a. existential. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. Describe how psychological perspectives explain mental illness. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. c. unconditional positive regard. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? Consider hunger, and the associated rumbling of our stomach, fatigue, lack of energy, etc., that motivates us to find and eat food. So the dog now reliably salivates at the sound of the bell because he expects that food will follow, and it does. a. humanistic-existential b. biological c. psychodynamic d. sociocultural, 5. 2.2.1.4. She felt confined and suffocated in this life and took to a fantasy world she called her private theater. Anna also developed hysteria, including symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, disturbed eye movements, reduced speech, nausea, and mental deterioration. As you can learn desirable behaviors such as watching how your father bags groceries at the grocery store (I did this and still bag the same way today), you can learn undesirable ones too. Notice that preconditioning has both an A and a B panel. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neuron's ending? Supporters of the medical model consequently consider symptoms to be outward signs of the inner physical disorder and believe that if symptoms are grouped together and classified into . Reinforcement and punishment can occur as two types positive and negative. This is a physical aspect of what disease? b. d. past traumatic experiences. The second part of personality emerges after birth with early formative experiences and is called the ego. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. Which theorist would be MOST likely to advocate use of skillful frustration as a part of therapy? a. working through b. exposure therapy c. role playing d. family therapy. There are also certain types of disorders that are unique to women. As such, he continues to steal her toys. c. existential In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. The endocrine system moves slowly with hormones, released by endocrine glands, taking seconds, or even minutes, to reach their target. b. negative transference. She is constantly looking to friends and family members for help with these decisions and gets anxious when she has to decide alone. 109. b. behavioral-focused Exemplify the effect of attributions on creating abnormal behavior. a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. Right? Banduras Classic Experiment. Possible side effects include weight gain, sleepiness, nausea and vomiting, panic attacks, or thoughts about suicide or dying. 130. c. intellectualization. The strategies arise from all three learning models. Blaming You focus on someone else as the source of your negative feelings and do not take any responsibility for changing yourself. Finally, the individual either imagines (systematic) or experiences in real life (in-vivo) each object or scenario from the hierarchy and uses the relaxation technique while doing so. Again, your schema about front row and back row students is incorrect and causes you to make certain assumptions about these individuals. 120. All of the models include an element of the biological model. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partners departure and ways to save money. First, Freud made most of his observations in an unsystematic, uncontrolled way, and he relied on the case study method. d. humanistic. c. mitigate unacceptable impulses. Recall that a neuron is usually at resting potential and polarized. Evaluate the usefulness of the biological model. c. the conscious mind. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. c. cognitive-behavioral d. psychophysical. 53. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. c. superego. a. multicultural b. biological c. humanistic d. cognitive-behavioral, 136. Lorenzo's therapist frequently reminds him that he has the power to change his situation and that he must take responsibility for his actions. 2.2.1.3. 45. How does the cognitive model approach psychopathology? We may think so, but a review of the evidence for and against this statement will show that it does not and reduce how threatening it seems. a. d. ego ideal. d. psychodynamic. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: a. avoid discussing religion. The sympathetic nervous system is involved when a person is intensely aroused. a. depression b. Huntingtons disease c. social anxiety disorder d. schizophrenia. There is not a leader, and everyone is equal. The disadvantages should outweigh the advantages and help you to end the struggle and accept what is unknown. d. transference. Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. a. modeling. a. modeling. Essentially, they wanted to explore the possibility of conditioning various types of emotional response(s). The researchers ran a series of trials in which they exposed a 9-month-old child, known as Little Albert, to a white rat. This is an example of behavior modification using: With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: let their thoughts flow, without judgment. Some commonly used strategies include cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance techniques. Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. 84. 59. Behaviorally test your thought. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? Depression occurs with greater frequency in women than men. The brain. d. who are not religious cope better with life stressors such as war and illness. Before introducing the current main models, it is crucial to understand what a model is. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. Cats were food deprived the night before the experimental procedure was to occur. For example, some women may experience symptoms of mental disorders at times of hormone change, such as perinatal depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and perimenopause-related depression. This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. Outline observational learning/social-learning theory and the work of Bandura. b. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. d. reality principle. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. d. encourages individuals to share information with the group. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. Once the electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, it stimulates synaptic vesicles or neurotransmitter sacs to release the neurotransmitter. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. What form do these consequences take? Bertha, known in published case studies as Anna O., was expected to complete the formal education typical of upper-middle-class girls, which included foreign language, religion, horseback riding, needlepoint, and piano. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious.